AN Introduction to Barriers, Motivators Challenges of Export/Import - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2484 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction to Barriers, Motivators Challenges of export/import Contents:- Motivation and barriers Sunk Cost of firm Overall Exports sales by extending into new market Improved performance through learning from international competitors Learning by-exporting by spreading export activities across several market then focusing on a single product-market relationship Market specific knowledge and networks Does an existing trade relationship with a given country tent to increase the probability that new product will be exported to that country Whether helping one firm to reach a new export market will tend to create spill-over benefits to other firms by providing an example which they can follow Receipt of export development assistance Whether government programmers are successful in promoting new trade relationships Motivators Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "AN Introduction to Barriers, Motivators Challenges of Export/Import" essay for you Create order Increased growth Greater profit potential Increase stability Large market share Excess capacity Barriers Too much red tape Trade barriers Conditions overseas Lack of incentives Cross border security Currency fluctuation Political climate Lack of competitive products Payment default Language barrier Slow payments Lack of assistance Transportation Protectionism Challenges High entry barrier to venture in certain countries Export/import licenses and documentation Government regulations Tension between the two countries Extra costs Product modification Financial risk Market information References Motivation Barriers Sunk Cost of firm:-Sunk cost is that which has already invest and we cannot receive it again or refund it. Sometime sunk cost are different prospective cost and if we are taken an action So that cost are future costs and that may invest or changed. Example: There are ABC wood ltd. Company in new Zealand and that company wants to sell their product in India. It does market research and it invest some amount of money on market research after this market research they find that their product is not suitable for selling in India and they decide that they will not sell their product in India and money which is incurred for market research that is sunk cost. Overall Exports sales by extending into new market:- When a business exporter wants to enter into new market then they expected more sales which can be beneficial to ex point their business. Example: Ram is an exporter now he export the wood in India only but in future he is planning to export wood in Australia and he wants expand his business. So he will export wood in two countries, one is old market for him and another is new market for him. So he can earn more profit by selling his product into two countries. Improved performance through learning from international competitors: When an exporter enter into new international market there would be existing competitor who would be ruling in the market with their same tactics which can be adopted by exporter and brought that tactics to compete in the local market. Example: There are two exporters. One is in New Zealand and one is in Australia. New Zealand exporters has their own tactics to doing business in New Zealand but he wants to enter into Australian market and for this New Zealand exporter should be adopt new techniques of business from exporter who is in Australia and New Zealand exporter can improve his performance for business by adopting new techniques . Learning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"by-exporting by spreading export activities across several markets then focusing on a single product-market relationship: It is beneficial to business in various markets rather than focusing on single market. Because if one market fails so there are other market for survival Example: ABD ltd. Company in New Zealand. That company exports their product in many countries like: Japan, Australia, India etc. If India refuses for importing goods from ABC ltd. Company which located in New Zealand then ABC ltd. Company have other choices for export their product. They can export their product in Australia and Japan. ABC ltd. Company cannot fail because they have many choices for export. Market specific knowledge and networks: Exporter should have specific knowledge of market and contacts in the market which can be helpful for doing business before entering into the new market. Example: There are so many departmental stores in the market. They buy goods from the local wholesaler or export the good from the exporter who is in other state or countries. Exporter should have contact with that owner of departmental stores and knowledge of the market that means he knows that the demand of the product in the market. Does an existing trade relationship with a given country tent to increase the probability that new product will be exported to that country? Countries trade relationship plays a vital role in doing business to other nations. It would be a free trade agreement with another nation it will tend to do business in that nation because no duties will be charged and it will be easily imported in another nation which is beneficial for the both parties to do business. Example: We are assuming that there are two countries Australia and New Zealand which export/import the goods from each other because of free trade agreement. When they will export or import the goods from each other, no duties will be charged on it. They can easily export or import the goods from each other and it is beneficial for both the countries to do business. Whether helping one firm to reach a new export market will tend to create spill-over benefits to other firms by providing an example which they can follow: When one firm try to enter new market it will beneficial from the experience of the existing or past competitor which can help in improving us from their experience to put a step in new market. Receipt of export development assistance: Some bodies of New Zealand existing in India that helping business. These bodies give information about business. Example :- When a local business man plan to expand the business in other country he would need assistance to develop knowledge about the market customers, competitors and local helper of that nation over which he can be benefited by the list of bodies present in that country for this help. Whether government programmers are successful in promoting new trade relationships: Government can help for the establishing new business and it also improve trade relationships through various programmers. Example :- We are assuming that In India congress government are ruling at this time. Leaders of that party organize various programs in which they say that all business should start from India only and all outside importers should maximum exports from India. Main agenda of this government programs are to do business in India only. MOTIVATORS Increased growth:- Increase growth means increase the demand of product among importers or customers. Example:- Cadbury company make various types of chocolates and advertise it in different ways for promoting the product. Firstly they attracted youngsters and childrens and then they attracted old peoples by various advertisement and they replaced all sweets by chocolate on occasions like Diwali etc. From all these they enhanced the demand of chocolate and attract more customers towards the Cadbury chocolate and it also increase growth. Greater profit potential:- It is the maximum profit that company/exporter/importer could make potentially. Example:- Lets assume ABC limited company sold $1000 of widgets last year and made of profit of $500 widget. Technology is changing rapidly and company ABC limited has the brightest mind in the industry to take an advantage of this technology. It also expects to be the first. Company on the industry to implement the technology which roughly halves certain product expenses. This analyst estimate that company ABC limited has another say $480 of earning potential. Increase stability:- Increase stability means more profit and more sales and it also creates the right environment for the balance of payments and it creates certainity and confidence and this enhance investment in busines Example: Large market share:- Markets total sales which is earned by a exporter or particular company in a specified time period. Example:- If importer as a whole import hundred quantity of product and forty of which are from one exporter and that exporter holds forty percent market share and other exporter holds sixty percent. Excess capacity:- It is increase in supply because of increasing price and population. Example:- We are assuming that there are large number of population in New Zealand , so that demand of particular product will be more and it enhance the sales and profit also. BARRIERS Too much red tape:- Export or import business requires so many formalities and documents. Example:- In export or import business we requires various types of documents for the export and import of goods, like bill of lading , insurances , airway bill certificate of inspection etc. and when we export or import the goods from the other country there are so many restrictions on particular product like bullets, cigarettes, alcohol, etc. It affects the business and it is red tape for the business. Trade barriers:- Trade barriers are restrictions which Is forced on movement of goods between two countries, it is applied not on imports but also on exports, it can be divided into two parts: Tariff barriers and non tariff barriers. Example:- when a businessman exports or imports the goods they pay some taxes on particular product. Like specific duty, Ad valoren duty, revenue tariff, custom quota, multi-lateral quota etc. These taxes create a barrier for the export or import of goods. Conditions overseas: It means condition in the exporting or importing country at the time of export or import of goods. Example: If we export or import the goods from the other country and political condition are bad or war is going on at the time of export and import or weather is not good so it creates problem in the exporting and importing of goods from the overseas and it is barrier for the business. Lack of incentives: It means no government support and benefits are provided by the government in the business. Example: When a businessman do export and import business and government do not provide the incentives for the business like rewards for the increasing business. Cross border security: Cross border security means security on the border of different country. Example: there are two businessmen in two different countries one is in New Zealand and other is in Australia. Businessman who is in New Zealand export the goods to Australia and he pay the taxes and he show the documents related to the goods which he export to the Australia to the cross border security which is in Australia. Currency fluctuation: It means increase and decrease the currency. Example: We are assuming that exporter who is in USA, he exports the goods to the importer who is in Japan, they final the deal and everything like price of the product at the time of dealing price of the dollar is sixty and Japanese importer ready to buy goods on that price after sometime price of the currency decrease and exporter may bears losses in the exporting of goods and it is barrier for the business Political climate: Political climate is the current mood and opinions of populace about political issues that also affects the business. Example: The governments have to seek re-election every few years and every government makes the different rules and regulations for the business in the every few years or after the elections. It is hard for the businessman to adopt the different rules and regulations because of changing government. And it is barrier for the export and import business. Lack of competitive products: In economics, one way that two or more goods can be classified is by examining the relationship of the demand schedules when the price of one good changes. This relationship between demand schedules leads to classification of goods as either substitutes or complements. Substitute goods are goods which, as a result of changed conditions, may replace each other in use (or consumption).A substitute good, in contrast to a complementary good is a good with a positive cross elasticity of demand this means a goods demand is increased when the price of another good is increased. Conversely, the demand for a good is decreased when the price of another good is decreased. Language barrier:- Different languages are barriers in business. Example; We are assuming that exporter from India and importer from China and importer imports some products from India ,both countries have their own languages, the both may not understand languages of each other, so language problem may create barriers in business. Payment default: It means payment not done by importer or buyer in business. Example: When a importer imports some goods from exporter and he says to make a payment of goods which he imported from exporter Slow payments: Slow payments means when a importer pay amount of money later than the due date. Payment reaching a certain no.of days late will appear. Example: When a buyer buy the goods from seller and he pay amount of money after the due date, so it creates problem or barrier in business for expand the business. Lack of assistance: It means no help or support provided by anyone in the business. Example: When a exporter or businessmen plan to start the business or expand the business in another country he would need assistance to develop knowledge about the market, customer and competitors. Helping bodies are not present in that country for his help, so it creates barrier in the business. Transportation: high transport costs push down profits and wages .the efficiency of transport service greatly determines the ability of firms to complete in foreign markets. For a small economy for which world prices of traded goods are largely given higher costs of transportation feed into import and export prices. To remain competitive exporting firms that face higher shipping costs must pay lower wages to workers accept lower returns on capital or be more productive. Protectionism: It is the economic policy of restraining trade between states or country through methods such as tariff on imported goods, restrictive quotas and a variety of other government regulations. Example: EU common agriculture policy, banana wars, Argentina food tariff, escalated tariff, anti-dumping tariff, and illegal subsidies. All these examples of protectionism are barrier in business. References:- https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-welcomes-business-led- plan-to-cut-eu-red-tape https://www.gov.nl.ca/redtape/taskforcereport.pdf https://www.rep-am.com/articles/2014/06/11/commentary/809083.txt https://www.consumerpsychologist.com/international_marketing.html https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/trade-external/page-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance) https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/overseas-trade-policy www.expertbase.org https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/excesscapacity.asp

Rural Tourism Free Essays

Villages are abundant in refreshing greenery, openness, fresh natural airs, pastoral beauty, and touching and winsome rustic simplicity. Far away from the hustle and bustle of congested cities’ life, and polluted air ambience, villages offer fresh comforting breezes, lavish openness, and pleasant soothing solitude. Thus, the village tourism is an expedient means of spending your holidays peacefully, in solitude, or in interacting with candid villagers. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘Rural Tourism’ covers â€Å"a range of activities provided by farmers and rural people to attract tourists to their area in order to generate extra income for their business. Any form of tourism that showcases the rural life, art, culture and heritage at rural locations, thereby benefiting the local community economically and socially as well as enabling interaction between the tourists and the locals for a more enriching tourism experience can be termed as rural tourism. Rural tourism is essentially an activity which takes place in the countryside. It is multi-faceted and may entail farm/agricultural tourism, cultural tourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism, and eco-tourism. Segmentation and Target Market Selection Tourists carry different images of their destinations, and their motives to go there vary. They are heterogeneous in nature. Hence, we have basically divided the entire market into Rural and Urban Population of India and have mainly targeted the Upper Middle Class and the Affluent Class customers of the urban areas. The reason for targeting this segment was that these classes of people usually go for holidays to hill stations, beaches or to foreign destinations. Hence we have something new and distinct to offer them, a holiday in a village offering them a overall new experience far away from the hustle and bustle of congested cities’ life, and polluted air ambience, in villages offer fresh comforting breezes, lavish openness, and pleasant soothing solitude and accommodating them in our own resorts to ensure their comfortibility and convenience. Positioning Statement It is the only tour and travels organization that takes you in the â€Å"In the lap of countryside, while in the lap of luxury†. We offer our guests attractive tour packages to various destinations in rural India, by offering them a memorable stay in the villages in our own resorts and giving them a true exciting yet peaceful holiday experience. Marketing Mix Product Mix: We are selling high end hospitality services to our guests in India’s rural areas, attracting them towards the village life of the major population of the country. The Whistling Woods resorts will be equipped with luxury cottages, similar to a village settlement for a more personalised feel of the village atmosphere. Also facilities like recreation hall, outdoor landscaped leisure zones will be provided. The rooms will have all the basic amenities and services that will make the guests comfortable. The facilities like airport transfers, ample parking space, and transportation for the sightseeing, etc will be provided. Different packages made available to the guests by Whistling Woods: Tariff Plan: For guests choosing to stay for the preset period in the hotel. Tour Package: For a large number of travellers. Customised Holiday Plan: Shaped according to the guest demands to suit their needs. Camping: Special camping programs designed only for school and colleges students or families. Festive Offers: Packages for guests specially designed to be a part of the local festivals followed at the respective locations. Membership Offers: Where people can make the use of the hotel services for a particular period by paying an annual subscription fees. Corporate Programs: Specially designed for the corporate people to facilitate their corporate activities in a different ways. How to cite Rural Tourism, Essay examples

Multiple Personality Disorders Essays - Psychiatry,

Multiple Personality Disorders Multiple Personality Disorders By Philip Ausherman Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) or Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) was first recognized in the 1700's but was not understood so therefore it was forgotten. Many cases show up in medical records through the years, but in 1905, Dr. Morton Prince wrote a book about MPD that is a foundation for the disorder. A few years after it was published Sigmund Freud dismissed the disorder and this dropped it from being discussed at any credible mental health meetings. Since then the disorder has been overlooked and misdiagnosed as either schizophrenia or psychosis. Many in the medical profession did not believe that a person could unknowingly have more than one personality or person inside one body, even after the 1950's Three Faces of Eve was published by two psychiatrist. In 1995, records showed that three to five thousand patients were being treated for MPD compared to the hundred cases reported ten years earlier. There is still as increase in the number of cases being reported as the scientific community learns more and more about the disease and the public is becoming more and moreaware of this mental disorder. There are still many questions left unanswered about the disease, like Is it genetic? or Is a certain type of personality more vulnerable to the disorder? but many aspects of how people come by the disorder are already answered (Clark, 1993, p.17-19) MPD is commonly found in adults who were recurrently abused mentally, physically, emotionally, and/or sexually as young children, between birth to 8 years of age. The child uses a process called dissociation to remove him/herself from the abusive situation. Dissociation is when a child makes up an imaginary personality to take control of the mind and body while the child is being abused. The child can imagine many personalities but usually there is a personality for every feeling and or emotion that was involved during the abuse (BoyyM, 1998, p.1). As an adult, the abused child finds it hard to keep track of time and may have episodes of amnesia. Other symptoms that will appear in adults with MPD are depression, auditory and visual hallu cinations (hearing voices) and suicidal thoughts. Another major symptom is when the adult has no recollection of their childhood. The adult with MPD has no idea they were abused as children and also unaware of the other personalities living inside of their head (Multiple Personality Disorder-fact sheet, 1996-99, p.1). Multiple Personality Disorder is when there is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities, each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self(BoyyM, 1998, p.1). There can be anywhere from two to over a hundred different personalities. Usually each personality will fall into one of the following categories: core, host, protectors, internal self-helper, fragments, child members, preteen, teenager, adults, artistic/music, cross-gender, cross-colored, animal members, inanimate members (BoyyM, 1998, p. 2-3). The host personality is the person who is the multiple, this is the original personality, or the one that created the other personalities, but is unaware of them. The most common apparent identities are the child, persecutor, rescuer, and helper. The child is the identity that is under the age of twelve. They behave as children often sucking thumbs, twisting hair, like to eat cookies, throw tantrums, and use child-like vocabulary. The Persecutor identity is the self-destructive identity that is violent and angry. Persecutor identities usually have a drug/alcohol problem and generally put the host at risk. The rescuer personality is usually devoid of emotion but logical, able, proficient, and responsible. The helper personality knows the most about the history of the multiple; they generally want to help everyone for the general good. The helper personality is the personality that is most helpful in therapy because they usually know about all the other identities (Clark, 1993, p.80-83). Subpersonalities are not only part of a person with MPD but they are also evident in emotionally normal persons as well. Although, in a normal person, he/she remembers when their subpersonality takes over, but in a MPD patient, the personality disconnects from the host that the host can not remember what happens. When a

The English Civil War

The English Civil War The outbreak of the English Civil War in England between Charles I and Parliament changed its form of government dramatically. It was only a violent episode in the continuing revolution that was already occurring. The Civil War broke out because the two forms of government, the king and Parliament, could not be reconciled. It was a struggle between the bourgeois or the middle-class people and the aristocrats or gentry. It all started from disputes starting with the first Stuart, James I, who took over the monarch of England after the death of the last Tudor, Elizabeth, and led on with more disputes with James I's son, Charles I and Parliament. Many other people contributed to the start of the Civil War. As a result to Charles and Parliament's incapability to collaborate on each other's terms, the English Civil War had now started, in 1642. The war lasted for seven years and finally ended in 1649.King Charles II is portrayed wearing the robes of ...Great leaders have taken charge befo re, during, and after the Civil War and finally when it had ended; England had just experienced one of its biggest impacts in its history.The English Civil War broke out caused by many different reasons. Conflicts between James I and Charles I against Parliament had lead to the Civil War. One of the reasons that brought forth the Civil War was the Divine Right of Kings that James I introduced to Parliament, claming that the monarchs were chosen by God to rule on earth, therefore they should receive absolute power. To Parliament, this meant that they would have no space in order or making any decisions, with no power. The real conflict and dispute came from James I's son, Charles I and Parliament. Parliament had once approached Charles with the Nineteen Propositions' which were to end their disputes but...

5 Not This . . . But That Parallelism Problems

5 Not This . . . But That Parallelism Problems 5 â€Å"Not This . . . But That† Parallelism Problems 5 â€Å"Not This . . . But That† Parallelism Problems By Mark Nichol Just as â€Å"not only . . . but also† constructions often stymie writers (see this recent post on the topic, and search the Daily Writing Tips site for â€Å"not only . . . but also† to find several others), similar syntactical phrasing can be difficult to form correctly. 1. â€Å"The movie achieves its effects, not by threatening to show you something hideous, but by getting under your skin and into your head.† This sentence constructs the comparative phrases (â€Å"not by [this] but by [that]†) correctly, but the internal punctuation is superfluous: â€Å"The movie achieves its effects not by threatening to show you something hideous but by getting under your skin and into your head.† 2. â€Å"I caution her not to rely so heavily on what she thinks others would do, but on her own intuition.† Because the verb rely applies to both comparative phrases, as achieves does in the first example, both the phrase beginning with not and the one beginning with but should follow the verb; the phrase describing the recommended strategy should also be revised to more thoroughly parallel the description of the person’s original approach: â€Å"I caution her to rely not so heavily on what she thinks others would do but to depend, rather, on her intuition.† 3. â€Å"He films it in a way that doesn’t suggest good taste, but colossal presumption and delusion.† This sentence has the same error of parallelism as the preceding one; the verb suggest should precede both the not phrase (here, its beginning is disguised as doesn’t) and the but phrase: â€Å"He films it in a way that suggests not good taste but colossal presumption and delusion.† 4. â€Å"But the story here is not one of privacy infringement so much as the way real estate is changing because of technology.† The comparative phrasing here is incomplete; a repetition of is within a mirroring verb phrase must be inserted before the concluding phrase: â€Å"But the story here is not one of privacy infringement so much as it is the way real estate is changing because of technology.† 5. â€Å"They accomplished this task both by utilizing the built-in transformation tools and creating their own.† Both is correctly positioned only if by is repeated before the verb in the second part of the compound phrase: â€Å"They accomplished this task both by utilizing the built-in transformation tools and by creating their own.† Otherwise, both should switch places with by: â€Å"They accomplished this task by both utilizing the built-in transformation tools and creating their own.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingThat vs. WhichList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Difference between Real and Artifial in the Age of Digital Technology Essay

Difference between Real and Artifial in the Age of Digital Technology - Essay Example Digital technologies refer to accessing any information, anywhere, anytime through a digital device. It also allows interacting by sharing comments, feedbacks, live chats etc. furthermore, the digital media is very close to the forms of art and science. The technology, equipment and gears used are the scientific postmodern advancements that have been made and which greatly allow the digital media to take over. However, art also has a close link with the digital media which has influenced the media world (Angela, p251). Although arts is something which is created, innovated and formed by the imaginations of an artist, the meaning can be taken in another way which is the transformation and artificiality of the real picture. The digital media is not only influencing the scientific world, but it is also changing the role of an artist. An artist is meant to use his imaginations to produce creativity, but today the digital world has lead an artist to work on the transformations of reality to artificiality. Digital technologies have enabled powerful forms of artistic creation, simulation and special effects but there are already questions that artists have begun to ask. One of the question is that is the use of digital media a threat to the original innovation and imagination of an artist. A piece of art tends to show the imaginations of an artist conceiving the 3D world around us, however when it comes to digital technologies, science believes that there is more than just the 3D world. Thus, they call it ‘technoetics’. They use this word because they believe in recognizing the technology with the wide imaginations of an artist. They believe that the consciousness can be well represented through the digital technologies as the visualization is immense. The best example which can be seen around is the use of digitalization in images. It involves the use of new artistic creations, simulations and special effects that are done by the use of graphics in digit al technology. There is an original art in the visualization of reality into a painting, sculpture, drawing or photograph. A photograph captures reality and every photograph shows a new piece of art to the people. However, the use of digital media on such a photograph can change the view of the picture from being realistic to fiction (Monahan, p15). An image, despite being taken originally has to go through digitalization in this modern era. This includes alterations made on these images; transformations, editing and renovations. A graphic designer would hold the job to modify a real picture through the many tools available. The detailing and working on a picture would lead it to have special effects that would make it evident that the picture has been simulated. This way a picture loses its natural look and the originality that shows the vision of the artist. The original handmade work of an artist is the real form of artistic creation. Though digital graphics is also a type of art s which is greatly used in the modern era in place of handmade art works, it includes the use of graphic plates and digital pens. It is a form of art which allows an artist to express his views on a digital medium rather than a paper or canvas. This is the artificial form of artistic creation, not because of the difference in ideology, but because of the mediums of technology used in both these types. A practical example

Disease process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disease process - Essay Example It has been noted that diabetes mellitus is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which will include congestive heart failure, coronary heart diseases, peripheral artery disease, cardiomyopathy and stroke. The risk of coronary artery diseases and congestive heart failure is relatively high in persons diagnosed with diabetes than in those without. Risk is also increased in patients who suffer from hypertension and dyslipidaemia or in those who smoke cigarettes and use alcohol. People with diabetes have frequent occurrences of hypertension which is a major risk factor for getting a cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus also causes urinary incontinence which is a common problem encountered. It is a indication of primary malfunction of the urinary bladder and urethra that basically causes the patient to pass urine at the wrong place at the wrong time. It causes weakened urethra muscles that will render the patient helpless in controlling their own urine passing. Another urin ary incontinence caused by diabetes mellitus is neurogenic bladder which is also called cystopathy. It is reflected as a form of autonomic neuropathy which begins with the damage of the autonomic afferent nerves therefore leaving the motor function unbroken and undamaged but damaging the awareness of bladder fullness which will consequently result in diminished urinary regularity. It is therefore evident that diabetes disrupts the loops for regulation of micturition which will vastly affect the patient’s urinary system by causing urinary dysfunctions of different levels. Studies have also shown that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also have diabetes. It is not evident whether diabetes is a major risk factor in contracting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but it has shown that patients who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be at a major risk of getting diabetes than those without. The co-existence of these two diseases will put the patient at a high risk of mortality due to inflammation and exacerbation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This is also heightened to individuals who smoke cigarettes and use alcohol. Diabetes mellitus is also a major cause of hyperglycaemia which is linked to impaired lung function therefore negatively affecting the patient’s respiratory system. Diabetes is also a major factor in integumentary system diseases. Diabetes can leave the skin of a patient predisposed to bacterial and fungal infections. It will affect blood vessels that cause the skin to appear like it has scaly rough patches of skin which usually located on the front part of the patient’s legs. Other integumentary diseases are such as atherosclerosis where the blood vessels of the patient are narrowed which will cause the skin to be hairless and also makes it appear shiny. Diabetes will also cause acanthosis nigricans which is a skin disorder that create a black or brown, dark, thick, poorly d efined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin which is normally found on the folds for instance in the armpits, groin area and folds of the neck. The skin darkening is also evident in the joints of the fingers and toes. Due to the lack of insulin experienced in diabetes mellitus, a patient suffering from diabetes mellitus will be at a higher risk of contracting acanthosis nigricans. Diabetes mellitus also causes damage in nerves which will create a symptom called neuropathy.